Cells  

Achim Dickmanns, Thomas Monecke and Ralf Ficner

Recent studies have demonstrated the interference of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking with the establishment and maintenance of various cancers. Nucleocytoplasmic transport is highly regulated and coordinated, involving different nuclear transport factors or... see more

Alberto L. Horenstein, Antonella Chillemi, Valeria Quarona, Andrea Zito, Ilaria Roato, Fabio Morandi, Danilo Marimpietri, Marina Bolzoni, Denise Toscani, Robert J. Oldham, Massimiliano Cuccioloni, A. Kate Sasser, Vito Pistoia, Nicola Giuliani and Fabio Malavasi

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential co-enzyme reported to operate both intra- and extracellularly. In the extracellular space, NAD+ can elicit signals by binding purinergic P2 receptors or it can serve as the substrate for a chain of ... see more

Nathalie Falk, Marlene Lösl, Nadja Schröder and Andreas Gießl

Audrey Desgrange and Silvia Cereghini

The nephron is the basic structural and functional unit of the vertebrate kidney. To ensure kidney functions, the nephrons possess a highly segmental organization where each segment is specialized for the secretion and reabsorption of particular solutes. ... see more

Huan Long, Qiyu Wang and Kaiyao Huang

Cilia/flagella are conserved eukaryotic organelles that play an important role in the control of cell motility and detection of environmental cues. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying ciliary/flagellar assembly, maintenance, disassembly, and sign... see more

Mildred Delaleau and Katherine L. B. Borden

Nuclear mRNA export plays an important role in gene expression. We describe the mechanisms of mRNA export including the importance of mRNP assembly, docking with the nuclear basket of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), transit through the central channel of ... see more

Vasily A. Aleshin, Artem V. Artiukhov, Henry Oppermann, Alexey V. Kazantsev, Nikolay V. Lukashev and Victoria I. Bunik

Cellular NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductase activity with artificial dyes (NAD(P)H-OR) is an indicator of viability, as the cellular redox state is important for biosynthesis and antioxidant defense. However, high NAD(P)H due to impaired mitochondrial oxida... see more

Naoyuki Okada and Masamitsu Sato

Spindle microtubules capture and segregate chromosomes and, therefore, their assembly is an essential event in mitosis. To carry out their mission, many key players for microtubule formation need to be strictly orchestrated. Particularly, proteins that as... see more

Julianne Burcoglu, Liang Zhao and Cordula Enenkel

Proteasomes are highly conserved protease complexes responsible for the degradation of aberrant and short-lived proteins. In highly proliferating yeast and mammalian cells, proteasomes are predominantly nuclear. During quiescence and cell cycle arrest, pr... see more

Francesca Navone, Paola Genevini and Nica Borgese

Autophagy plays a major role in the elimination of cellular waste components, the renewal of intracellular proteins and the prevention of the build-up of redundant or defective material. It is fundamental for the maintenance of homeostasis and especially ... see more

Shubhra Majumder, Ayla Cash and Harold A. Fisk

Centrosomes are major microtubule-organizing centers of animal cells that consist of two centrioles. In mitotic cells, centrosomes are duplicated to serve as the poles of the mitotic spindle, while in quiescent cells, centrosomes move to the apical membra... see more

Todd A. Wyatt

Motile cilia of the lungs respond to environmental challenges by increasing their ciliary beat frequency in order to enhance mucociliary clearance as a fundamental tenant of innate defense. One important second messenger in transducing the regulable natur... see more

Junji Yano, Megan S. Valentine and Judith L. Van Houten

Paramecium species, especially P. tetraurelia and caudatum, are model organisms for modern research into the form and function of cilia. In this review, we focus on the ciliary ion channels and other transmembrane proteins that control the beat frequency ... see more

Justin W. Flatt and Urs F. Greber

Many viruses deliver their genomes into the host cell’s nucleus before they replicate. While onco-retroviruses and papillomaviruses tether their genomes to host chromatin upon mitotic breakdown of the nuclear envelope, lentiviruses, such as human immunode... see more

Alexander E. Kalyuzhny

James F. Whitfield, Anna Chiarini, Ilaria Dal Prà, Ubaldo Armato and Balu Chakravarthy

Dentate-gyral granule cells in the hippocampus plus dentate gyrus memory-recording/retrieving machine, unlike most other neurons in the brain, are continuously being generated in the adult brain with the important task of separating overlapping patterns o... see more

Carolien M. S. Schophuizen, Joost G. J. Hoenderop, Rosalinde Masereeuw and Lambert P. van den Heuvel

In renal failure, the systemic accumulation of uremic waste products is strongly associated with the development of a chronic inflammatory state. Here, the effect of cationic uremic toxins on the release of inflammatory cytokines and endothelin-1 (ET-1) w... see more