SUMMARY
Background: Mucor indicus is a dimorphic fungus used in the production of ethanol, oil, protein, and glucosamine.
It can ferment different pentoses and hexoses; however, the yields of products highly depend on the nutrients
and cultivation conditions. In this study, the effects of different morphologic forms, cultivation time and
temperature, presence or absence of oxygen, carbon sources, and concentration of nitrogen source on the
products of M. indicus were investigated.
Results: The fungus with all morphologies produced high yields of ethanol, in the range of 0.32–0.43 g/g, on
glucose. However, the fungus with filamentous morphology produced higher amounts of oil, protein,
phosphate, and glucosamine together with ethanol, compared with other morphologies. A higher amount of
oil (0.145 g/g biomass) was produced at 28°C, while the best temperature for protein and glucosamine
production was 32 and 37°C, respectively. Although ethanol was produced at a higher yield (0.44 g/g) under
anaerobic conditions compared with aerobic conditions (yield of 0.41 g/g), aerobic cultivation resulted in
higher yields of protein (0.51 g/g biomass), glucosamine (0.16 g/g alkali insoluble material, AIM), and
phosphate (0.11 g/g AIM).
Conclusions: It is not possible to have the maximum amounts of the products simultaneously. The fermentation
conditions and composition of culture media determine the product yields. Carbon source type and the addition
of nitrogen source are among the most influencing factors on the product yields. Moreover, all measured
products were made with higher yields in cultivation on glucose, except glucosamine, which was produced
with higher yields on xylose.