ARTICLE
TITLE

Sex difference and menstrual cycle effects on semantic priming and rememberingAnlamsal hazirlama ve hatirlamada cinsiyet farki ve menstural dönem etkileri

SUMMARY

Purpose: It is known that women and men may have different performance in some cognitive tasks and different hemispheric specializations. However, results of the sex difference studies are not always consistent. Recent studies indicate that some cognitive abilities of women fluctuate throughout menstrual cycle. In this study, it is aimed to find out if men and women in ovulation and menstruation phases perform differently in semantic priming (SP) task and remembering task. Additionally, it is aimed to find out if there is any hemispheric specialization in SP. Methods: Seventy two women and 29 men undergraduate students participated to the study. Two pictures were presented successively to participants for SP. The first picture was presented for 100 msec on the left-side, right-side or the center of the screen according to the experimental condition by using visual half-field technique and the second picture was presented on the center. Participants were required to report if two pictures were related or unrelated. After the SP task, participants chose stimuli that they had rememberred from a list of the stimuli in the experiment in one-minute period.Findings: Results indicated that all groups had shown SP and there was no hemispheric specialization. Men responded related pictures faster than women in ovulation period however, no difference was observed between men and women in menstruation phase. Similarly, men remembered more stimuli than the women in ovulation phase. But no difference was observed between the number of stimuli remembered by the men and women in menstruation phase.Discussion and Conclusion: Generally findings indicated that cognitive sex differences might change according to the menstrual phase of women and these cyclical changes should be considered in reviewing the results of sex difference studies or conducting new research. It was proposed that cyclical cognitive sex differences might be related to hormonal levels those fluctuate across the menstrual cycle. The findings were discussed in the context of the negative effects of increasing luteinizing hormone (LH) levels on attentional and executive functions in both ovulatory phase and Alzheimer’s disease. ÖzetAmaç: Kadinlarin ve erkeklerin bazi bilissel islemlerde ve hemisferik özellesmelerde farklilik gösterdigi; buna karsin, cinsiyet farkliliklarina iliskin çalismalarin her zaman çok tutarli olmadigi bilinmektedir. Son dönemlerde yapilan çalismalar, kadinlardaki bilissel becerilerin menstural döneme bagli olarak dalgalanma gösterebildigine isaret etmistir. Sunulan çalismada erkeklerin ve farkli menstural dönemdeki kadinlarin (yumurtlama ve mensturasyon) anlamsal hazirlama (AH) ve hatirlama görevindeki peformanslari yönünden farklilik gösterip göstermedigini incelemek amaçlanmistir. Ayrica AH görevinde cinsiyete özgü hemisferik özellesme olup olmadigi incelenmistir.Yöntem: Çalismaya 72 kadin ve 29 erkek üniversite ögrencisi katilmistir. AH görevi için katilimcilara arka arkaya iki resim gösterilmistir. Görsel-yari alan teknigi kullanilarak ve deney gruplarina uygun olarak ilk resim sol görsel alanda, sag görsel alanda ya da merkezde100ms sunulmus; katilimcilardan merkezde sunulan birinci resimle ikinci resmin iliskili olup olmadigini belirtmeleri istenmistir. AH görevinin ardindan katilimcilara deneydeki uyaricilarin bir listesi verilmis ve bunun içinden hatirladiklarini bir dakikalik sürede isartlemeleri istenmistir.Bulgular: Tüm gruplarda AH etkisinin oldugu; ancak bu göreve iliskin bir hemisferik özellesmenin olmadigi bulunmustur. Erkekler iliskili resimleri yumurtlama dönemindeki kadinlardan daha hizli degerlendirirken, mensturasyon dönemindeki kadinlarla böyle bir farklilik gözlenmemistir. Benzer sekilde erkeklerin hatirladiklari genel uyarici ve iliskisiz uyarici sayisi, yumurtlama dönemindeki kadinlardan daha fazlayken, mensturasyon dönemindeki kadinlarla erkekler arasinda hatirlanan uyarici sayisi bakimindan bir farklilik bulunmamistir.Tartisma ve Sonuç: Genel olarak bulgular, bilissel görevlerde gözlenen cinsiyet farkliliklarinin kadinin içerisinde bulundugu menstural döneme bagli olarak degisebilecegini; cinsiyet farki çalismalarinin sonuçlarinin degerlendirilmesinde ve yeni çalismalarin kurgulanmasinda bu dönemsel degisimin göz önünde bulundurulmasinin gerekliligini ortaya koymaktadir. Incelenen görevlerdeki cinsiyet farkinin menstural döneme bagli olarak degismesinin kadindaki döngüsel hormon düzeyleri ile iliskili oldugu düsünülmektedir. Özellikle kadinlarin yumurtlama döneminde erkeklerden daha düsük performans göstermesi, kadinlarda yumurtlama döneminde yükselen ve Alzheimer hastalarinda da yükseldigi bilinen luteinizing hormonun (LH) bellek ve yürütücü islevler üzerindeki olumsuz etkisi baglaminda degerlendirilmistir.

 Articles related

Alice Sullivan,Heather Joshi,Diana Leonard    

This paper considers the question of whether attending a single-sex or co-educational secondary school made any difference to a range of social outcomes for girls and boys at school, and for men and women as they progressed through the life course. ... see more


Scott M Montgomery,Walter Osika,Ole Brus,Mel Bartley    

Some adult neurological complications of obesity may have early-life origins. Here, we examine associations of childhood hearing impairment with childhood and adult obesity, among 3288 male and 3527 female members of a longitudinal cohort born in Great B... see more


Rita Rezaee,Ali Asghar Hayat,Ghasem Yousefi,Nasrin Shokrpour    

Despite the increase in the women’s employment in universities, especially in medical fields in the recent decades, there is still some evidence indicating the lower number of academically higher rank females, especially in the full professor rank. There... see more


Iyekolo Alexander Olushola    

The study was on the attitudes of secondary school teachers towards the teaching of sex education in Osogbo, the target population comprises all the secondary schools in Osogbo Local Government Area of Osun state. Ten secondary schools were randoml... see more


Roy Barzilai    

By integrating the entire body of research in human sexual dynamics, immune responses, and sociocultural behavior, we can conclude that the mass hysteria our society is currently experiencing originates in our evolved psychological adaptations to pandemi... see more