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28  Articles
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The fact is that natural rubber has a strategic role as it is one of the commodities industry tropical crops. In addition, it also has important and strategic role in sup-porting the national economy, primarily as a source of livelihood of millions of rub... see more

Oil palm plantation is well known as a profitable business. In general, oil palm smallholders have a higher income than farmers of other commodities. However, most smallholdings have land sizes that do not reach the economic scale. Together with the lack ... see more

Citronella oil production has been developed by the Regional Government of the South Tapanuli District through the Forest Management Unit (KPH), the Agriculture Office and the Industry Office. For KPH, this program serves to gradually replace oil palm sma... see more

The study aimed to identify the major challenges that affect the market information system, assess the possible mechanism that would increase their speculative and bargaining capacity power and to explore feasible information system solutions. Data were c... see more

The income level of smallholder farmers is only able to meet their daily needs due to the remote location of location and the difficulty of communication access. Based on this, the Government seeks to formulate policies that are expected to have a real im... see more


There was changing in dependency of the economic plantations system in along time. Two phenomena which always occur is the smallholding estate system are poverty and underdevelopment. In the colonial period, though plantation integrated to the external wo... see more

Abstract: This article offers two contribution to literature on agrarian inequality in Indonesia, namely a conceptual approach for understanding this phenomenon and its implication on policy formulation. The first contribution includes a synthesis of some... see more

Transaction costs arise as a result of uncertainty in the transaction environment. Vertical integration of farmers in an institution will reduce uncertainty and will reduce transaction costs. Transaction costs will affect income and will ultimately affect... see more

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