ARTICLE
TITLE

Effects of low protein diets with amino acids supplementation on biochemical and faeces parameters in weaned piglets

SUMMARY

Article Details: Received: 2019-09-19 | Accepted: 2019-10-01 | Available online: 2019-09-30https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2019.22.03.71-75The goal of this study was to determine the effects of a  low-protein diet supplemented with crystalline amino acids on the biochemical parameters in the blood serum, and the indicators of fermentation in the faeces in 12 crossbred piglets. The weaned piglets (at 28 days of age) were divided into two groups with 6 piglets each. The control diet contained 195 g/kg crude protein and the experimental diet contained 167 g/kg. The experimental diet was supplemented with lysine, methionine and threonine to achieve a more ideal amino acid pattern. The blood collections from the sinus ophthalmicus for the determination of the biochemical parameters were performed 2 times at 2 weekly intervals in both groups. The faeces were taken from the rectum at the end of the study period. The decrease in the dietary crude protein content of the experimental group was manifested by a significant decrease of the blood urea level (3.77 mmol/l average concentration) compared to the control group (4.97 mmol/l average concentration) (P <0.001). The serum concentrations of other components showed no significant statistical changes between the control and experimental groups. The results of the fermentation process analysis indicated that the acetate and the butyrate concentration decreased in the experimental group compared to the control group (P <0.05; 0.01, respectively). The decrease crude protein intake in the experimental group revealed significant lover levels of ammonia (P <0.001) and crude protein (P <0.01) compared to the control group.Keywords: pigs, amino acids, proteins, metabolism, fermentationReferencesAOAC Association of Official Analytical Chemists International (2001) In Horwitz, W. (Ed.). Official Methods of Analysis. 17th ed. Arlington: AOAC Inc.BALL, M. E. E. et al. (2013) The effect of level of crude protein and available lysine on finishing pig performance, nitrogen balance and nutrient digestibility. In Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 564–572. doi:https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2012.12177BIKKER, P. et al. (2006) The effect of dietary protein and fermentable carbohydrates levels on growth performance and intestinal characteristics in newly weaned piglets. In Journal of Animal Science, vol. 84, no.12, pp. 3337–3345. doi:https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2006-076DOUBEK, J. et al. (2010) Interpretation of Basic Biochemistry and Haematology Findings in Animals. Brno: Noviko. 102 p. (in Czech).FANG, L. H. et al. (2019) Effects of dietary energy and crude protein levels on growth performance, blood profiles, and nutrient digestibility in weaning pigs. In Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences, vol. 32, no.4, pp. 556–563. doi:https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.18.0294FIGUEROA, J. L. et al. (2002) Nitrogen metabolism and growth performance of gilts fed standard corn-soybean meal diets or low-crude protein, amino acid supplemented diets. In Journal of Animal Science, vol. 80, no.11, pp. 2911–2919. doi:https://doi.org/10.2527/2002.80112911xHAN, K. and LEE, H. J. (2000) The role of synthetic amino acids in monogastric animal production. Review. In AsianAustralasian Journal of Animal Sciences, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 543– 560. doi:https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2000.543HE, L. et al. (2016) Low-protein diets affect ileal amino acid digestibility and gene expression of digestive enzymes in growing and finishing pigs. In Amino Acids, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 21–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-015-2059-1HEO, J. M. et al. (2008) Effects of feeding low protein diets to piglets on plasma urea nitrogen, faecal ammonia nitrogen, the incidence of diarrhoea and performance after weaning. In Archives of Animal Nutrition, vol. 62, no. 5, pp. 343–358. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390802327811HTOO, J. K. et al. (2007) Effect of dietary protein content on ileal amino acid digestibility, growth performance, and formation of microbial metabolites in ileal and cecal digesta of early-weaned pigs. In Journal of Animal Science, vol. 85, no. 12, pp. 3303–3312. doi:https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2007-0105JIAO, X. et al. (2016) Effects of amino acids supplementation in low crude protein diets on growth performance, carcass traits and serum parameters in finishing gilts. In Animal Science Journal, vol. 87, no. 10, pp. 1252– 1257. doi: https://doi. org/10.1111/asj.12542KERR, B. J. (2006) Opportunities for utilizing crystalline amino acids in swine. In Advances in Pork Production, vol. 17, pp. 245–254.KIM, S. W., CHEN, H. and PARNSEN, W. (2019) Regulatory Role of Amino Acids in Pigs Fed on Protein-restricted Diets. In Current Protein & Peptide Science, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 132–138. doi:https://doi.org/10.2174/1389203719666180517100746KRAFT, W. and DÜRR, M. U. (2001) 30. Reference values. In Hajko & Hajková: Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis in Veterinary Medicine (Slovak/Czech edition). Bratislava: VEDA. 365 pp.LIAO, S. F., WANG, T. and REGMI, N. (2015) Lysine nutrition in swine and the related monogastric animals: Muscle protein biosynthesis and beyond. In SpringerPlus, vol. 4, p. 147. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-015-0927-5PENG, X. et al. (2016) Effects of low-protein diets supplemented with indispensable amino acids on growth performance, intestinal morphology and immunological parameters in 13 to 35 kg pigs. In Animal, vol. 10, no. 11, pp. 1812–1820. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731116000999NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (2012) Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 11th rev. ed. Washington: National Academies Press. 400 pp.NICHOLS, N. L. and BERTOLO, R. F. (2008) Luminal threonine concentration acutely affects intestinal mucosal protein and mucin synthesis in piglets. In The Journal of Nutrition, vol. 138, no. 7, pp.1298–1303. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/138.7.1298NYACHOTI, C. M. et al. (2006) Performance responses and indicators of gastrointestinal health in early-weaned pigs fed low-protein amino acid-supplemented diets. In Journal of Animal Science, vol. 84, no.1, pp.125–134. doi:https://doi.org/10.2527/2006.841125xREGMI, N. et al. (2018) Effects of dietary lysine levels on the concentrations of selected nutrient metabolites in blood plasma of late-stage finishing pigs. In Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition, vol. 102, no. 2, pp. 403– 409. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12714ROTH, F. X. and RACZEK, N. N. (2003) Nutritive effectiveness of sorbic acid: effects in piglet feeding. In Kraftfutter, vol. 86, pp.105–110.SALDANA, C. I. et al. (1994) Digestible threonine requirements of starter and finisher pigs. In Journal of Animal Science, vol. 72, no.1, pp. 144–150. doi:https://doi.org/10.2527/1994.721144xŠIMECEK, K., ZEMAN, L. and HEGER, J. (1994) The nutrient requirements and nutrient value of feed for pigs. Nitra: VUŽV. 77 p. (in Slovak).TOLEDO, J. B. et al. (2014) Reduction of the crude protein content of diets supplemented with essential amino acids for piglets weighing 15 to 30 kilograms. In Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 301–309. doi:https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982014000600004WANG, Y. et al. (2018) Advances in low-protein diets for swine. In Journal of animal science and biotechnology, vol. 9, 60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-018-0276-7

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