Home  /  Colloquia Humanistica  /  Núm: 9 Par: 0 (2020)  /  Article
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The Jewish Community and Antisemitism in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes/Yugoslavia 1918-1941

SUMMARY

The Jewish Community and Antisemitism in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes/Yugoslavia 1918-1941The Jews in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes/Yugoslavia made up about 0.5 percent of the total population. The new national framework provided the ability to accept the new state and national idea, but also gave impetus to strengthening their own identity embodied in Jewish nationalism, Zionism. Jews adapted to the new political circumstances relatively quickly and without major turmoil, at least as a whole. A liberal political foundation enabled the Jews to identify relatively easily with the new state. However, over a shorter or longer period, there were earlier national identifications as well. The spread and acceptance of antisemitism in Yugoslavia was affected by different traditions of the  attitude towards the Jews in the political culture, political relations in the country and international circumstances. These factors were cumulative, although international circumstances certainly had a crucial impact, especially the coming to power of National Socialists in Germany. The manifestation of antisemitism in Yugoslavia can be divided into three main periods: 1918-1933, from the establishment of the Yugoslav state to the intensification of antisemitic propaganda, 1934-1938, from the intensification of antisemitic propaganda to the start of Jews’ conditioned loyalty, and 1939-1941, from the start of Jews’ conditioned loyalty to the Axis powers’ invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941. Hostility towards Jews was manifested much more strongly in the Habsburg Monarchy than in the Kingdom of Serbia. Therefore, the new state in the former monarchy territories inherited latent and sometimes open antisemitism. The spread of antisemitic propaganda and legislation in Yugoslavia should be associated with the state leaders’ attempts to find a modus vivendi with the totalitarian revisionist neighbors, primarily Germany. As a result, in early October 1940 the government adopted two anti-Jewish decrees. The destruction of the Yugoslav state in April 1941 heralded the beginning of the Holocaust there. Spolecznosc zydowska i antysemityzm w Królestwie Serbów, Chorwatów i Slowenców/Jugoslawii 1918-1941Zydzi w Królestwie Jugoslawii stanowili okolo pól procenta calej populacji. Nowe ramy narodowe daly im mozliwosc zaakceptowania nowego panstwa i idei narodowej, ale jednoczesnie wytworzyly impuls do umocnienia wlasnej tozsamosci ucielesnionej w zydowskim nacjonalizmie, syjonizmie. Zydzi, jesli sie patrzy calosciowo, stosunkowo szybko i bez wiekszych wstrzasów przystosowali sie do nowych okolicznosci politycznych. Liberalne podstawy polityczne sprawily, ze utozsamienie Zydów z nowym panstwem bylo stosunkowo latwe. Jednak przez krótszy lub dluzszy okres istnialy wczesniejsze identyfikacje narodowe. Na rozprzestrzenianie sie i akceptacje antysemityzmu w Jugoslawii mialy wplyw kultura polityczna, stosunki polityczne w kraju oraz uwarunkowania miedzynarodowe. Czynniki te dzialaly lacznie, ale z pewnoscia kluczowe byly okolicznosci miedzynarodowe. Chodzi tu przede wszystkim o dojscie do wladzy narodowych socjalistów w Niemczech. Manifestacje antysemityzmu w Jugoslawii mozna podzielic na trzy okresy: 1918-1933, od powstania panstwa jugoslowianskiego do wzmocnienia propagandy antysemickiej; 1933-1938, od wzmocnienia propagandy antysemickiej do poczatków warunkowania lojalnosci Zydów; oraz 1939-1941, od momentu warunkowania lojalnosci Zydów do ataku panstw Osi na Jugoslawie w kwietniu 1941 r. Wrogosc wobec Zydów byla znacznie silniejsza w Monarchii Habsburskiej niz w Królestwie Serbii. Dlatego nowe panstwo odziedziczylo przejawy ukrytego, a niekiedy otwartego antysemityzmu na terenach dawnej monarchii. Rozprzestrzenianie sie propagandy antysemickiej w Jugoslawii i ustawodawstwo nalezy wiazac z próba ustanowienia przez kierownictwo panstwa modus vivendi z totalitarnymi rewizjonistycznymi sasiadami, przede wszystkim z narodowosocjalistycznymi Niemcami. W rezultacie na poczatku pazdziernika 1940 r. rzad przyjal dwa antyzydowskie dekrety. Zniszczenie panstwa jugoslowianskiego w kwietniu 1941 roku oznaczalo jednoczesnie poczatek w nim Holokaustu.

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