21 articles in this issue
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Since the WHO has declared the Covid 19 pandemic, number of cases is on rise but not attained peak in Pakistan. Although people are affected by COVID-19 throughout the world but the impact of, the disease is different in various countries, which may be at... see more
Background:Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the major global causes of death. Different types of gene are involved as Ankyrin repeat domains of RNASE L gene. It performs a significant role in antiviral response, regulated by interferon, and involved in c... see more
Background:High-risk (HR) Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is an established cause of cervical cancer. HPV genotype detection is significant in preventing cervical cancers through targeted vaccination. Our study aimed to identify HRHPV16/18 and non 16/18 in cer... see more
Background:Amlodipine is a Ca++ channel blocker, routinely used for treatment of hypertension. The mechanism underlying its anti-hypertensive effect is dilatation of blood vessels. Testosterone, the hormone produced by testis, is responsible for developme... see more
Background:Retention is an integral phase in which teeth are maintained in their newly adapted position for which retainers are inserted. Retainers are generally of two types: removable and fixed. Fixed retainers are indicated in the mandibular arch for a... see more
Background:Whether diabetics should fast or not in Ramadan has been a controversial idea since long and the answer even more debatable. It confers safety measures to be known by the diabetics thoroughly, such as when to break the fast and what the hypogly... see more
Background:Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) has now become one of the most common and important complication of pregnancy worldwide. There are conflicting results of various studies regarding the role of exercise in reducing the risk of GDM. Therefore,... see more
Background:Nephrostomy tract itself is the most common source of hemorrhage during percutaneous nephrolithotomy, which can be avoided by puncturing through the calyx with minimal angulation between calyceal system and the nephroscope shaft. Smaller the sh... see more
Background:The palatal rugae are special constructions that are inalterable in their position and pattern during the lifestyles of an individual. This imparts them an exceptional role in the forensic dentistry and may play potential role in malocclusion i... see more
Introduction:Dental care for older population is becoming a matter of concern within the National health services (NHS) United Kingdom (UK) due to increasing life expectancy of older people and retention of their natural teeth. The aim of study was to rel... see more
Background:Oral health is considered the most important factor in determining general health of an individual, since it reflects the condition of the whole body. This study was outlined to demonstrate the oral health status and attitude of patients toward... see more
Background:Cancer is becoming serious and emerging health concern around world. In Pakistan, 8% of all deaths are due to cancer as one of the major cause. Treatment of cancer consists of surgical management, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, immun... see more
Background:Dengue fever presentations are from asymptomatic fever to most serious complications. Acute high-grade fever, muscle and joint pain, myalgia, skin rashes, hemorrhage and circulatory shock are the common symptoms. There has been reported increas... see more
Many hazards are often associated with different occupations and known as occupational hazards. Dentistry is also one of those professions having many occupational risks. Such hazards are broadly categorized into chemical, biological, physical, mechanical... see more
Oral cancer, the most challenging and life threatening disease in the field of dentistry, may start as a reactive lesion due to constant stimulus from tobacco consumption, transform into a pre-malignant lesion (dysplastic lesion) and ultimately develop in... see more
Background:December 2019, marked the beginning of novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) from China (Wuhan), which hit the general population and healthcare systems, worldwide, as a pandemic. Karachi reported the first case of COVID-19 on February 26, 2020 in a stu... see more
Background:The outbreak of COVID-19 started from Wuhan, China and spread throughout the world, from the day it infected first person until now it has been the leading cause of death in 2020. It has changed the daily life routine of people and is responsib... see more
Granulosa cell tumor is a rare type of ovarian tumor, which arises from sex cord stroma. Histologically this tumor has two types and is named according to the common age group they affect; adult granulosa cell tumor (AGCT) and juvenile granulosa cell tumo... see more
The aim of this case study was to report a very uncommon and rarely seen, but serious condition, involving spine. Hydatid cyst is caused by Echinococcus granulosus mainly. It is rarely found in spine, lumbar spine is least commonly involved in s... see more
Uninhibited proliferation and abnormal cell cycle regulation are the hallmarks of cancer. The main role of cyclin dependent kinases is to regulate the cell cycle and cell proliferation. These protein kinases are frequently down regulated or up regulated i... see more
Background:There has been a shift in medical education from didactic teaching to small group teaching which stresses on the importance of student active participation in problem-solving and critical thinking. We aimed to evaluate perception about Case Bas... see more