ARTICLE
TITLE

The Anal Plates of Larval Hydrellia pakistanae (Diptera: Ephydridae)

SUMMARY

The objective of this research was to describe the anal plates of the larval stages of the ephydrid fly, Hydrellia pakistanae Deonier, a biological control agent of hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle). This was accomplished using light microscopy coupled with a specialized staining technique; and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All 3 instars of H. pakistanae were collected from hydrilla cultured in outdoor concrete-lined ponds. To ascribe a function to the anal plates, a modified staining technique was employed that uses a 5% silver nitrate solution, which, upon ionization, binds with chloride ions suggesting an osmoregulatory function. Under light microscopy the two anal plates appeared smooth, flat crescent moon-shaped structures that encircled the anus of the larva. SEM revealed the anal plates to be relatively smooth with an undulating surface pattern possibly an artifact of the high vacuum conditions associated with the SEM. This may therefore indicate a difference in cuticle thickness for the anal plates since the overall body cuticle did not exhibit the same surface changes. A distinct delineation in the form of a thin raised line of cuticle between the anal plates and the outer body cuticle could be discerned from both light microscopy and SEM. The anal plates vary in size from 200 µm to 750 µm in perimeter and 1800 µm² to 14000 µm² in area depending on instar. A highly positive correlation in anal plate size in relation to larval instar was also detected; i.e., larger anal plates were associated with later instars. The anal plates darkened rapidly after immersion in a weak silver nitrate solution with subsequent exposure to light indicating that they may play an important role in maintaining internal ionic equilibrium. El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir los platos anales de estadios larvales de la mosca ephydrida, Hydrellia pakistanae Deonier, un agente de control biológico de hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle). Se utilizó microscopia de luz con una técnica especializada de tinción y microscopia de barrido electrónico (SEM). Los 3 instares larvales de H. pakistanae fueron colectados de hydrilla cultivada en estanques de concreto al aire libre. La técnica de tinción modificada utiliza una solución de nitrato de plata al 5%, la cual, al ser ionizada, se une con iones de cloro, lo cual sugiere funciones de osmorregulación. Usando microscopia de luz los dos platos anales aparecen como estructuras lisas y planas en forma de luna creciente rodeando al ano. Utilizando SEM se observan relativamente lisos con un patrón ondulado en la superficie, posiblemente un artefacto de las condiciones de vacío de SEM. Esto puede indicar que los platos anales tienen un grosor diferente al resto de la cutícula corporal pues esta no exhibió estos cambios. Una distintiva línea delgada, elevada entre los platos anales y la cutícula corporal exterior, fue observada con microscopia de luz y SEM. El tamaño de los platos anales varió de 200 µm a 750 µm de perímetro y 1800 µm² a 14000 µm² de área dependiendo del instar. Una alta correlación positiva entre el tamaño de los platos anales y el instar larval fue observada; i.e. los platos anales más grandes se observaron en los estadios larvales más avanzados. Los platos anales oscurecieron rápidamente después de ser inmersos en la solución débil de nitrato de plata y su subsecuente exposición a la luz, lo que indica que estos pueden jugar un papel importante en el mantenimiento del equilibrio iónico interno.View this article in BioOne

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