ARTICLE
TITLE

Developing field cage tests to measure mating competitiveness of sterile light brown apple moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Western Australia

SUMMARY

The Australian light brown apple moth (LBAM) (Epiphyas postvittana) (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a pest in Australia, New Zealand and now California (USA). The use of sterile insects in combination with mating disruption and biological insecticides has the potential to eradicate outbreaks in urban areas. The sexual competitiveness of irradiated insects is an important component of the effectiveness of the sterile insect technique (SIT), but standard techniques to measure the sexual competitiveness have been developed only for irradiated tephritid fruit flies. In particular, field cage trials have been used to measure the compatibility and competitiveness of irradiated fruit flies in comparison with wild fruit flies. Trials were carried out to determine if such tests could be adapted for a moth species. Parameters of quality or competitiveness evaluated were the proportion of the moths that mated, relative sterility index, index of sexual isolation, and mating competitiveness based on the egg hatch in the various crosses. Results showed that with the release of sterile moths of both sexes (bisex) there was little difference in competitiveness—expressed as the Relative Sterility Index (RSI)—between moths irradiated at 200, 250 and 300 Gy (irradiated either in the pupal or adult stages), but if a Fried competitiveness test was used to generate competitive C values then greater competitiveness was found at the lower doses of irradiation, but this difference was not statistically significant. Modified test procedures were developed in which the moths in field cages—after having had sufficient opportunity to mate—were egged individually and dissected to determine the presence of 1 or more spermatophores; then egg sterility and spermatophore presence were used to determine the mating type, e.g., wild female × irradiated laboratory male, etc. Results indicated that sterile-male-only releases have the potential to increase mating competitiveness of the released irradiated moths, but this conclusion requires additional experiments for confirmation. ResumenLa polilla tortricid de la manzana de color café claro australiana (PTMA) (Epiphyas postvittana) (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) es una plaga en Australia, Nueva Zelanda y ahora en California (EE.UU.). El uso de insectos estériles en combinación con la interrupción del apareamiento e insecticidas biológicos tiene el potencial para erradicar los brotes en las zonas urbanas. La competitividad sexual de los insectos irradiados es un componente importante de la eficacia de la técnica del insecto estéril (TIE), pero las técnicas estándar para medir la competitividad sexual se han desarrollado sólo para las moscas irradiadas tefrítidas de frutales. En particular, los ensayos de campo de la jaula se han utilizado para medir la compatibilidad y la competitividad de las moscas de la fruta irradiadas en comparación con moscas de la fruta silvestres. Se realizaron los ensayos para determinar si tales pruebas podrían adaptarse para una especie de polilla. Los parámetros de calidad o competitividad evaluados fueron la proporción de las polillas que se aparearon, el índice relativo de esterilidad, el índice de aislamiento sexual, y la competitividad de apareamiento en base a la eclosión de los huevos en los diversos cruces. Los resultados mostraron que con la liberación de polillas estériles de ambos sexos (bisexual) había poca diferencia en la competitividad - expresada como el Índice de Esterilidad Relativa (IER) - entre las polillas irradiadas a 200, 250 y 300 Gy (irradiados en el estadio de pupa o adulto), pero si se utilizó una prueba de competitividad “Fried” para generar valores C de competitivos entonces una mayor competitividad se encontró a las dosis más bajas de radiación, pero esta diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa. Se han desarrollado procedimientos de ensayo modificados en los que las polillas en jaulas de campo - después de haber tenido oportunidad suficiente para aparearse – fueron diseccionado individualmente para examinar los huevos para determinar la presencia de 1 o más espermatóforos; luego, la esterilidad de huevo y la presencia de espermatóforo se utilizaron para determinar el tipo de apareamiento, por ejemplo, hembra salvaje × macho irradiado del laboratorio, etc. Los resultados indicaron que la liberación de machos estériles sólo tiene el potencial de aumentar la competitividad de apareamiento de las polillas irradiadas liberadas, pero esta conclusión requiere experimentos adicionales para confirmar. View this article in BioOne

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