ARTICLE
TITLE

Soil respiration across a disturbance gradient in sclerophyllous ecosystems in Central Chile

SUMMARY

Sclerophyllous shrubs and forests are predominant in semiarid Central Chile and have a long history of degradation by fire, cultivation, firewood extraction and grazing. The aim of this study was to compare the amount and environmental drivers of soil respiration across a disturbance gradient in sclerophyllous ecosystems in the National Reserve Roblería del Cobre de Loncha in Central Chile. In a north-facing toe slope, four disturbance conditions were identified: slightly (D1) and moderately disturbed (D2) sclerophyllous forest, (D3) strongly disturbed thorn scrub and (D4) completely disturbed A. caven savanna. Twelve 25×25-m plots (625 m2) were distributed equally across D1, D2, D3 and D4. Soil respiration (Rs), soil temperature (Ts), volumetric water content (qv) and exchangeable nitrogen (Ns) were measured at six dates in each plot between August 2009 and May 2010. Additionally, Ts and qv were continuously recorded from July 2010 to August 2012 (30-minute intervals) in one plot per disturbance condition (i.e., 4 out of 12 plots). The values of Rs increased linearly with qv with similar slopes but different intercepts, which increased as the disturbance receded. Once soil water content was taken into account, Rs increased with Ts with the same slope but with a disturbance-dependent intercept. Additionally, the response of Rs to Ts was more pronounced as qv increased. The values of Ns were uncorrelated with Rs. The annual values of Rs were 4.4-fold greater in D1 (1,735 g C m-2 yr-1) compared with D4 (392 g C m-2 yr-1). Disturbance presumably decreased Rs by reducing the litter layer, soil organic matter, root biomass and soil water content, particularly in the hot-dry season. Under a predicted climate change scenario of a 40% decrease in rainfall and 4°C increase in air temperature by the year 2100, we found that annual Rs would be reduced on average by 28% compared with the current climate, with that reduction being more pronounced under more disturbed conditions, suggesting that less disturbed conditions would be more resistant to climate change, thus further justifying the restoration of these damaged ecosystems. Los matorrales y bosques esclerófilos son la formación vegetacional dominante en Chile Central, existiendo una larga data de degradación producto del fuego, cultivos, extracción de leña y pastoreo. El objetivo del estudio fue comparar la respiración de suelos y los factores que la controlan a lo largo de un gradiente de perturbaciones en ecosistemas esclerófilos en la Reserva Nacional Roblería del Cobre de Loncha en Chile Central. En bajos de ladera en una exposición norte se identificaron cuatro grados de perturbación: bosques esclerófilos que fueron levemente- (D1) y moderadamente perturbados (D2), matorral espinoso fuertemente perturbado (D3) y sabana de A. caven completamente perturbada (D4). Se establecieron doce parcelas de 25×25 m (625 m2) distribuidas equitativamente en  D1, D2, D3 and D4. La respiración de suelos (Rs), temperatura de suelos (Ts), contenido volumétrico de agua en el suelo (qv) y  nitrógeno intercambiable (Ns) fueron medidos en todas las parcelas en seis fechas entre Agosto de 2009 y Mayo de 2010. Adicionalmente, Ts y qv fueron registrados de forma continua, desde Julio de 2010 hasta Agosto de 2012 (cada 30 minutos), en una parcela por nivel de perturbación (i.e. 4 de 12 parcelas). Los valores de Rs aumentaron linealmente con qv con similares pendientes pero diferentes interceptos que aumentaron en la medida que las perturbaciones disminuyeron. Una vez contabilizado el contenido de agua en el suelo, Rs aumentó con  Ts con la misma pendiente pero con un intercepto que depende del nivel de perturbación. Adicionalmente la respuesta de Rs a Ts fue más pronunciada en la medida que qv aumentó. Los valores de Ns no se correlacionaron con Rs. Los valores acumulados de Rs fueron 4.4 mayores en D1 (1735 g C m-2 yr-1) comparado con D4 (392 g C m-2 yr-1). Las perturbaciones presumiblemente disminuyeron Rs mediado por reducciones en la capa de hojarasca, materia orgánica del suelo, biomasa de raíces y contenido de agua particularmente en la temporada seca y cálida. Bajo un escenario de cambio climático que implica una disminución de 40% de las precipitaciones y un aumento de 4°C en la temperatura del aire para el año 2100, encontramos que el Rs anual se reduciría en promedio en 28% comparado con el clima actual, con esta reducción siendo más pronunciada en las condiciones más perturbadas sugiriendo que las condiciones menos perturbadas serían más resistentes al cambio climático justificando aún más la restauración de estos ecosistemas.

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