ARTICLE
TITLE

AGE DETERMINATION BASED ON MOLT PATTERNS AND SKULL OSSIFICATION IN THE BLUE-AND-YELLOW TANAGER (PIPRAEIDEA BONARIENSIS)

SUMMARY

Abstract · We studied molt patterns and age determination based on molt limits, plumage criteria, and skull ossification for the Blue-and-yellow Tanager (Pipraeidea bonariensis), a passerine that is commonly distributed along the western slope of the Peruvian Andes. Through careful examination of live individuals in the hand and museum specimens, we suggest that P. bonariensis exhibits a complex alternate strategy with partial preformative and prealternate molts during its first cycle, a complete definitive prebasic molt, and presumably a partial definitive prealternate molt starting with its second cycle. We established the age in 68% of captured individuals using the skulling technique. Most individuals of P. bonariensis were recorded with fully ossified skulls during their preformative molts, whereas some adults in basic plumage had retained small, unossified windows. Our results corroborate those reported for related Neotropical taxa and provide important guidelines that facilitate an accurate and rapid technique for aging and sexing Neotropical tanagers in the hand, an essential requirement in demographic studies and long-term banding projects.Resumen · Determinación de la edad basado en patrones de muda y la osificación craneal de la Tangara azul y amarilla (Pipraeidea bonariensis) Estudiamos los patrones de muda y la determinación de la edad basados en la identificación de límites de muda, apariencia del plumaje y la osificación del cráneo para la Tangara azul y amarilla (Pipraeidea bonariensis), una ave paserina que se distribuye comúnmente a lo largo de la vertiente occidental de los Andes peruanos. A través de un examen cuidadoso de individuos vivos en especímenes de mano y de museo, sugerimos que P. bonariensis exhibe una estrategia alterna compleja con una muda preformativa y prealterna parcial en su primer ciclo, una muda prebásica definitiva completa y presumiblemente una muda prealterna definitiva parcial a partir del segundo ciclo. Establecimos la edad en el 68% de los individuos capturados utilizando la técnica de observación del cráneo. Además, la mayoría de individuos de P. bonariensis lograron culminar dicho proceso de osificación durante la muda preformativa. Sin embargo, algunos individuos en plumaje básico definitivo pueden retener pequeñas ventanas no osificadas. Los resultados con- firman lo reportado para otros taxa relacionados en las zonas tropicales y constituyen una importante herramienta que asegura una certera y rápida identificación de la edad y sexo para tangaras de los trópicos en mano, requisito indispensable en estudios demográficos y programas de anillamiento y monitoreo a largo plazo.

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