The Landscape of MOOC Platforms Worldwide

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v23i3.6294

Keywords:

Massive open online course, MOOC, MOOC platform, open education, users’ engagement

Abstract

Previous studies have mainly investigated major massive open online course (MOOC) platforms such as Coursera, edX, and Udemy. This study used 21 metrics to explore 35 MOOC platforms from across the world. Five Web analytics tools were used to analyze these MOOC platforms using data from MOOC platform directories and exploration of platform sites. The findings revealed that many universities, companies, and organizations have cooperated with the platforms and provided MOOCs through them. Major global platforms have offered thousands of MOOCs while regional platforms were more likely to have offered dozens. Some large platforms had millions of registered users while others registered just thousands. The major global platforms were established in the US to offer MOOCs mainly in English, though they offered MOOCs in other languages as well. The regional platforms offered MOOCs mainly in local languages, and to some extent in English and other languages. Some platforms engaged users for long periods while others failed to keep users after they viewed the first page of the platform. On average, a visitor stayed on a platform for 8 minutes visited 7.2 pages per visit. Major global platforms attracted users from all over the world, while regional platforms mainly attracted users from countries where the regional platform language was spoken. Some platforms had very few accessibility and contrast errors while other platforms performed poorly. Most platforms were mobile-friendly. However, administrators of almost all MOOC platforms should take actions to increase the speed of their platform. Other recommendations include undertaking marketing campaigns to increase the number of partners, the number of MOOCs offered, and the platforms’ visibility.

Author Biographies

Maria Perifanou, SMILE (Smart Mobile Interactive Learning Environments) lab

Dr Maria Perifanou is an adjunct lecturer at the Faculty of Italian Language & Literature at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, an adjunct academic staff at Hellenic Open University at TESOL Master's Programme and an adjunct Italian lecturer at the University of Macedonia (GR). She works also as senior researcher at the Smart and Mobile Learning Environments (SMILE) Lab of the University of Macedonia (GR) in the field of CALL and TEL. She holds a Master's degree in ICT and Foreign Language education from Ca’ Foscari, University of Venice, (IT), and a PhD from the University of Athens, (GR), in the field of Applied Linguistics. 

Over the last ten years, she has collaborated with various European research institutions on more than 35 EU funded research projects in the field of Technology-Enhanced Learning, notably “Language learning and social media – 6 Key dialogues”, LangMOOC, Evolution of reading in the age of digitization (E-READ).  

Furthermore, she worked for 3 years as a TEL consultant and project coordinator at the Open Education Europa portal for the Commission's Directorate-General for Education and Culture (DG EAC). Currently, she works for 7 EU projects: PASTILLE, DETEL, FeSTEM, TRinE, CARAT, including the DC4LT and the OPENLangNET Erasmus+ projects in which she holds the roles of projects’ initiator, scientific manager, and senior researcher. 

She is the author of over 80 articles that have been published in peer-reviewed journals, conferences, and books. She is also a member of different European TEL research networks and communities and has also been awarded several international and national scholarships and fellowships for her research (by STELLAR, UNESCO, EA-TEL, GRnet).

Anastasios A. Economides, University of Macedonia

I am Professor at the University of Macedonia (UoM, http://www.uom.gr), Thessaloniki, Greece. I am member of the Quality Assurance Unit of the UoM and deputy representative at EL.ID.E.K. (the official administration for the National/Greek Research Policy, http://www.elidek.gr). I am the Director of SMILE (Smart & Mobile Interactive Learning Environments, http://smile.uom.gr) lab and CONTA (COmputer Networks and Telematics Applications, http://conta.uom.gr) lab at UoM. I have a M.Sc. (1987) and a Ph.D. (1990) degree in Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (https://viterbischool.usc.edu/). I have published two (2) books, more than one hundred (100+) peer-reviewed journal papers, one hundred fifty (150+) peer-reviewed conference papers and twenty (20+) peer-reviewed chapter books. I have received around 3500 citations, h-index = 32, i10-index = 86, (10 Jan. 2018): https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=1AAOD6YAAAAJ&hl=en I teach courses (postgraduate, undergraduate and continuing education) on Educational Technology, Digital Entrepreneurship, E-Commerce, Computer & Networking Technologies, Information Systems Applications in Economy & Business, etc. I have been the Director (2008-14) and the deputy Director (2000-2006) of the Interdepartmental Programme of Postgraduate Studies in Information Systems at UoM (http://mis.uom.gr). I have received dozens of research awards (e.g. Best Conference paper) and fellowships (e.g. Greek State Scholarships Foundation -IΚΥ, Fulbright). I have been Visiting Professor at the University Pompeu Fabra (2015), Open University of Catalonia (2014), University of Southern California (1998), Technical University of Denmark (1997), University of Helsinki (1997) and Helsinki University of Technology (1997). I have been Keynote Speaker at five (5) international conferences, in the program committee of dozens international conferences and in the editorial board of dozens international journals. I have been principal and/or scientific investigator in more than 10 projects and participated in more than 30 projects. Finally, I have been evaluator of dozens project proposals (European, Greek), journal papers, conference papers, Ph.D. theses, M.Sc. theses, professors’ promotions etc.

References

Agrawal, P., Kumar, A., & Agrawal, A. (2015). Massive open online courses: EdX.org, Coursera.com and NPTEL. A comparative study based on usage statistics and features with special reference to India. In 10th International CALIBER 2015 (pp. 390–402). HP University and IIAS, India: INFLIBNET Centre. http://hdl.handle.net/1944/1879

Alario-Hoyos, C., Pérez-Sanagustín, M., Delgado-Kloos, C., & Munoz-Organero, M. (2014). Delving into participants’ profiles and use of social tools in MOOCs. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 7(3), 260–266. https://doi.org/10.1109/TLT.2014.2311807

Alemayehu, L., & Chen, H.-L. (2021): Learner and instructor-related challenges for learners’ engagement in MOOCs: A review of 2014–2020 publications in selected SSCI indexed journals, Interactive Learning Environments, https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2021.1920430

Alkaff, A., Qomarudin, M., Alkaff, S. & Bilfaqih, Y. (2018). Modelling online course services and comparison of its major providers. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 13(1), 65-81. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v13i01.7528

Antonova, A., & Bontchev, B. (2020). Investigating MOOC platforms as a prospective tool for mobile learning. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference Mobile Learning 2020 (pp. 31–38). https://doi.org/10.33965/ml2020_202004L004

Asare, A. O., Yap, R., Truong, N., & Sarpong, E. O. (2021). The pandemic semesters: Examining public opinion regarding online learning amidst COVID‐19. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 37(6), 1591–1605. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12574

Ayoub, A., Amin, R., & Wani, Z. A. (2020). Contribution of developed countries towards MOOCs: An exploration and assessment from a representative platform Coursera. Asian Association of Open Universities Journal, 15(2), 251–262. https://doi.org/10.1108/AAOUJ-03-2020-0016

Brahimi, T., & Sarirete, A. (2015). Learning outside the classroom through MOOCs. Computers in Human Behavior, 51, 604–609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.013

Cisel, M. (2019). The structure of the MOOC ecosystem as revealed by course aggregators. American Journal of Distance Education, 33(3), 212–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923647.2019.1610285

Clark, D. (2013). MOOCs: Taxonomy of 8 types of MOOC. http://donaldclarkplanb.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/moocs-taxonomy-of-8-types-of-mooc.html

Conache, M., Dima, R., & Mutu, A. (2016). A comparative analysis of MOOC (massive open online course) platforms. Informatica Economica, 20(2), 5–14, https://doi.org/10.12948/issn14531305/20.2.2016.01

Cornejo-Velazquez, E., Clavel-Maqueda, M., Perez-Lopez-Portillo, H., & Lyubimova, E. (2020). Business model of learning platforms in sharing economy. The Electronic Journal of e-Learning, 18(1), 102–113. https://doi.org/10.34190/EJEL.20.18.1.008

Costa, C., Teixeira, L., & Alvelos, H. (2018). Exploring the usage of MOOCs in higher education institutions: Characterization of the most used platforms. International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education, 14(4), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJICTE.2018100101

Economides, A.A., & Perifanou, M. (2018a). MOOC affordances model. In Proceedings of the IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain, April 18-20, pp. 605-613. https://doi.org/10.1109/EDUCON.2018.8363285

Economides, A.A., & Perifanou, M. (2018b). Dimensions of Openness in MOOCs & OERs. In: Proceedings EDULEARN, 10th annual International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies, Palma de Mallorca, Spain, July 2-4, pp. 3684-3693. IATED. https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2018.0942

European Commission. (2016). What is open education? https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/open-education

Ferguson, R., & Clow, D. (2015). Examining engagement: Analysing learner subpopulations in massive open online courses (MOOCs). In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (pp. 51–58). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/2723576.2723606

Funieru, L. M., & Lăzăroiu, F. (2016). Massive open online courses (MOOCs): A comparative analysis of the main platforms. Informatica Economica, 20(2), 35–45. https://doi.org/10.12948/issn14531305/20.2.2016.04

Gamage, D., Fernando, S., & Perera, I. (2015, August). Quality of MOOCs: A review of literature on effectiveness and quality aspects. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Ubi-Media Computing (UMEDIA; pp. 224–229). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1109/UMEDIA.2015.7297459

Goglio, V., & Nascimbeni, F. (2021). MOOCs in Italy: An open and fragmented landscape. Italian Journal of Educational Technology, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.17471/2499-4324/1233

Hakami, N., White, S., & Chakaveh, S. (2017, April). Motivational factors that influence the use of MOOCs: Learners’ perspectives: A systematic literature review. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computer Supported Education (Vol. 2, pp. 323–331). SCITEPRESS. https://doi.org/10.5220/0006259503230331

Hidalgo, F. J. P., & Abril, C. A. H. (2020). MOOCs: Origins, concept and didactic applications: A systematic review of the literature (2012–2019). Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 25(4), 853–879. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-019-09433-6

Jordan, K. (2014). Initial trends in enrolment and completion of massive open online courses. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v15i1.1651

Lee, K., Fanguy, M., Bligh, B., & Lu, X. S. (2022). Adoption of online teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic analysis of changes in university teaching activity. Educational Review, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2021.1978401

Li, K. C., Wong, B. T., Chok, E. W., & Lee, T. (2014). Profiling the characteristics of MOOC platforms. In Proceedings from the 28th Annual Conference of the Asian Association of Open Universities (pp. 476–485). Hong Kong SAR, China.

Lin, J., Kalbaska, N., Tardini, S., Frick, E. D., & Cantoni, L. (2015, June). A journey to select the most suitable MOOCs platform: The case of a Swiss University. In EdMedia+ Innovate Learning (pp. 273–283). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education.

Liyanagunawardena, T. R., Lundqvist, K., Mitchell, R., Warburton, S., & Williams, S. A. (2019). A MOOC taxonomy based on classification schemes of MOOCs. European Journal of Open, Distance and E-learning, 22(1), 85–103. https://doi.org/10.2478/eurodl-2019-0006

Maldonado-Mahauad, J., Valdiviezo, J., Carvallo, J. P., & Samaniego-Erazo, N. (2021). The MOOC-CEDIA Observatory. In Proceedings of EMOOCs 2021, 143. https://doi.org/10.25932/publishup-51715

Margaryan, A., Bianco, M., & Littlejohn, A. (2015). Instructional quality of massive open online courses (MOOCs). Computers & Education, 80, 77–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2014.08.005

Mays, T. J., Ogange, B., Naidu, S., & Perris, K. (2021). Supporting teachers moving online, using a MOOC, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Learning for Development, 8(1), 27–41. https://jl4d.org/index.php/ejl4d/article/view/497

Oh, E. G., Chang, Y., & Park, S. W. (2020). Design review of MOOCs: Application of e-learning design principles. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 32(3), 455–475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-019-09243-w

Perifanou, M., Economides, A. A., & Tzafilkou, K. (2022). Greek teachers’ difficulties & opportunities in emergency distance teaching. E-Learning and Digital Media, 19(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/20427530221092854

Pilli, O., & Admiraal, W. F. (2016). A taxonomy for massive open online courses. Contemporary Educational Technology, 7(3), 223–240. https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/6174

Purkayastha, N., & Sinha, M. K. (2021). Unstoppable study with MOOCs during COVID-19 pandemic: A study. Library Philosophy and Practice, https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/4791

Ruipérez-Valiente, J. A., Halawa, S., Slama, R., & Reich, J. (2020). Using multi-platform learning analytics to compare regional and global MOOC learning in the Arab world. Computers & Education, 146, 103776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103776

Salas-Rueda, R. A., Castañeda-Martínez, R., Eslava-Cervantes, A. L., & Alvarado-Zamorano, C. (2022). Teachers’ perception about MOOCs and ICT during the COVID-19 pandemic. Contemporary Educational Technology, 14(1), ep343. https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/11479

Shah, D. (2018, January 22). A product at every price: A review of MOOC stats and trends in 2017. Class Central. https://www.classcentral.com/report/moocs-stats-and-trends-2017/

Shah, D. (2020, December 14). The second year of the MOOC: A review of MOOC stats and trends in 2020. Class Central. https://www.classcentral.com/report/the-second-year-of-the-mooc/

Shah, D., Pickard, L., & Ma, R. (2021). Massive list of MOOC providers around the world. Class Central. https://www.classcentral.com/report/mooc-providers-list/

Shanshan, S., & Wenfei, L. (2022). Understanding the impact of quality elements on MOOCs continuance intention. Education and Information Technologies, 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11063-y

Siemens, G. (2013). Massive open online courses: Innovation in education. In McGreal, R., Kinuthia, W., & Marshall S. (Eds), Open educational resources: Innovation, research and practice (pp. 5–16). Commonwealth of Learning and Athabasca University.

Singh, G. (2022). Quality of MOOC for teachers’professional development: Participants’ perception. The Online Journal of Distance Education and e-Learning, 10(1), 134–147.

United Nations. (1948). Universal Declaration of Human Rights. https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/

Yousef A. M. F., Chatti, A. M., Schroeder, U., & Wosnitza, M. (2015). A usability evaluation of a blended MOOC environment: An experimental case study. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v16i2.2032

Zancanaro, A., Nunes, C. S., & de Souza Domingues, M. J. C. (2017). Evaluation of free platforms for delivery of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 18(1), 166-181. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.285814

Zawacki-Richter, O., Bozkurt, A., Alturki, U., & Aldraiweesh, A. (2018). What research says about MOOCs–An explorative content analysis. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v19i1.3356

Zhu, M., Sari, A., & Lee, M. M. (2018). A systematic review of research methods and topics of the empirical MOOC literature (2014-2016). The Internet and Higher Education, 37, 31–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2018.01.002

Published

2022-09-01

How to Cite

Perifanou, M., & Economides, A. A. (2022). The Landscape of MOOC Platforms Worldwide. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 23(3), 104–133. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v23i3.6294

Issue

Section

Research Articles