Serum biomarkers for early detection of gynecologic cancers

Authors

  • Yutaka Ueda Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
  • Takayuki Enomoto Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
  • Toshihiro Kimura Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
  • Takashi Miyatake Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
  • Kiyoshi Yoshino Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
  • Masami Fujita Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
  • Tadashi Kimura Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18370/2309-4117.2013.14.73-80

Keywords:

ovarian, endometrial, cervical, cancer, serum, tumor marker, CA 125, squamous cell carcinoma antigen, proteomics, biomarkers

Abstract

Ovarian, endometrial, and cervical cancers are three of the most common malignancies of the female reproductive organs. CA 125, historically the most reliable serum marker for ovarian cancer, is elevated in 50% of early-stage ovarian tumors. For endometrial cancers, there are no established serum markers. SCC, which is the best studied serum marker for squamous cell carcinomas, has been unreliable; SCC is elevated in cervical squamous cell carcinomas ranging from 28–85% of the time. Recent proteomics-based analyses show great promise for the discovery of new and more useful biomarkers. In this review, we discuss the currently utilized serum tumor markers for gynecologic cancers and the novel biomarkers that are now under investigation.

Author Biographies

Yutaka Ueda, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Takayuki Enomoto, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Toshihiro Kimura, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Takashi Miyatake, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Kiyoshi Yoshino, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Masami Fujita, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Tadashi Kimura, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology

References

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Gynecologic Cancers. Available online: http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/gynecologic/index.htm (accessed on 1 March 2010).
  2. Nam JH, Chang KC, Chambers JT, Schwartz PE, Cole LA Urinary gonadotropin fragment, a new tumor marker. III. Use in cervical and vulvar cancers. Gynecol. Oncol. 1990, 38, 66–70.
  3. Pectasides D, Economides N, Bourazanis J, Pozadzizou P, Gogou L, Koutsiouba P, Athanassiou A Squamous cell carcinoma antigen, tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor, and carcinoembryonic antigen for monitoring cervical cancer. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 1994, 17, 307–312.
  4. DiSaia PJ, Creasman WT Clinical Gynecologic Oncology, 6th ed.; Mosby: St. Louis, MO, USA, 2002; pp. 53–112, 137–184, 259–350.
  5. Berek JS Ed. Novak’s Gynecology, 13th ed.; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2002; pp. 1143–1398.
  6. Scully RE, Young RH, Clement PB Tumors of the Ovary, Maldeveloped Gonads, Fallopian Tube, and Broad Ligament. In Atlas of Tumor Pathology, Third Series, Fascicle 23; AFIP: Washington, DC, USA, 1998; pp. 27–50.
  7. Narimatsu H, Sawaki H, Kuno A, Kaji H, Ito H, Ikehara Y A strategy for discovery of cancer glycol-biomarkers in serum using newly developed technologies for glycoproteomics. FEBS J. 2010, 277, 95–105.
  8. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 109. Clinical Management Guidelines for Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Cervical Cytology Screening. Obstet. Gynecol. 2009, 114, 1409–1420.
  9. Massuger LF, Koper NP, Thomas CM, Dom KE, Schijf CP Improvement of clinical staging in cervical cancer with serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen and CA 125 determinations. Gynecol. Oncol. 1997, 64, 473–476.
  10. Lehtovirta P, Viinikka L, Ylikorkala O Comparison between squamous cell carcinoma-associated antigen and CA-125 in patients with carcinoma of the cervix. Gynecol. Oncol. 1990, 37, 276–278.
  11. Gadducci A, Ferdeghini M, Caenaro GF, Prontera C, Malagnino G, Annichiarico C, Chirillo R, Bianchi R, Fioretti P Immunoacid protein (IAP) as marker for cervical and endometrial carcinoma: alone and in comparison with CA 125 and SCC. Cancer J. 1992, 5, 272–278.
  12. Kainz C, Sliutz G, Mustafa G, Bieglmayr C, Koelbl H, Reinthaller A, Gitsch G Cytokeratin subunit 19 measured by CYFRA 21-1 assay in follow-up of cervical cancer. Gynecol. Oncol. 1995, 56, 402–425.
  13. Micke O, Prott FJ, Schäfer U, Tangerding S, Pötter R, Willich N The impact of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) antigen in the follow-up after radiotherapy in patients with cervical cancer. Anticancer Res. 2000, 20, 5113–5115.
  14. Takeda M, Sakuragi N, Okamoto K, Todo Y, Minobe S, Nomura E, Negishi H, Oikawa M, Yamamoto R, Fujimoto S Preoperative serum SCC, CA125, and CA19-9 levels and lymph Cancers 2010, 2 1322 node status in squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 2002, 81, 451–457.
  15. Ohara K, Tanaka Y, Tsunoda H, Nishida M, Sugahara S, Itai Y Assessment of cervical cancer radioresponse by serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen and magnetic resonance imaging. Obstet. Gynecol. 2002, 100, 781–787.
  16. Duk JM, Groenier KH, de Bruijn HW, Hollema H, ten Hoor KA, van der Zee AG, Aalders JG Pretreatment serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen: a newly identifi ed prognostic factor in early-stage cervical carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 1996, 14, 111–118.
  17. Gadducci A, Scambia G, Benedetti-Panici P, Ferdeghini M, Battaglia F, Caenaro GF, Foti E, Castellani C, Cristofani R, Facchini V, Mancuso S The prognostic relevance of pretreatment serum immunosuppressive acidic protein (IAP) in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix: a comparison with squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC). Cancer J. 1994, 7, 241–247.
  18. Gaarenstroom KN, Kenter GG, Bonfrer JM, Korse CM, Van de Vijver MJ, Fleuren GJ, Trimbos JB Can initial serum cyfra 21-1, SCC antigen, and TPA levels in squamous cell cervical cancer predict lymph node metastases or prognosis? Gynecol. Oncol. 2000, 77, 164–170.
  19. Scambia G, Benedetti P, Foti E, Ferrandina G, Leone FP, Marciano M, Mancuso S Multiple tumour marker assays in advanced cervical cancer: relationship to chemotherapy response and clinical outcome. Eur. J. Cancer 1996, 32A, 259–263.
  20. Pras E, Willemse PH, Canrinus AA, de Bruijn HW, Sluiter WJ, ten Hoor KA, Aalders JG, Szabo BG, de Vries EG Serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen and CYFRA 21-1 in cervical cancer treatment. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2002, 52, 23–32.
  21. De Bruijn HW, Duk JM, van der Zee AG, Pras E, Willemse PH, Boonstra H, Hollema H, Mourits MJ, de Vries EG, Aalders JG The clinical value of squamous cell carcinoma antigen in cancer of the uterine cervix. Tumour Biol. 1998, 19, 505–516.
  22. Ngan HY, Cheng GT, Yeung WS, Wong LC, Ma HK. The prognostic value of TPA and SCC in squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. Gynecol. Oncol. 1994, 52, 63–68.
  23. Ferdeghini M, Gadducci A, Annicchiarico C, Prontera C, Malagnino G, Castellani C, Facchini V, Bianchi R Serum CYFRA 21-1 assay in squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. Anticancer Res. 1993, 13, 1841–1844.
  24. Suzuki Y, Nakano T, Ohno T, Abe A, Morita S, Tsujii H Serum CYFRA 21-1 in cervical cancer patients treated with radiation therapy. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 2000, 126, 332–336.
  25. Gaarenstroom KN, Bonfrer JM, Korse CM, Kenter GG, Kenemans P Value of Cyfra 21-1, TPA, and SCC-Ag in predicting extracervical disease and prognosis in cervical cancer. Anticancer Res. 1997, 17, 2955–2958.
  26. Molina R, Filella X, Augé JM, Bosch E, Torne A, Pahisa J, Lejarcegui JA, Rovirosa A, Mellado B, Ordi J, Biete A CYFRA 21.1 in patients with cervical cancer: comparison with SCC and CEA. Anticancer Res. 2005, 25, 1765–1771.
  27. Puthucode-Easwaran S, Naik R, Athavale R, Handley G, Lopes A, Godfrey K, Hatem M Comparison of pre-treatment CYFRA 21 – 1 and SCC-Antigen assay in primary cervical carcinoma – a preliminary report. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 2005, 25, 486–488. Cancers 2010, 2 1323.
  28. Mitsuhashi A, Matsui H, Usui H, Nagai Y, Tate S, Unno Y, Hirashiki K, Seki K, Shozu M Serum YKL-40 as a marker for cervical adenocarcinoma. Ann. Oncol. 2009, 20, 71–77.
  29. Ngan HY, Cheung AN, Lauder IJ, Cheng DK, Wong LC, Ma HK Tumour markers and their prognostic value in adenocarcinoma of the cervix. Tumour Biol. 1998, 19, 439–444.
  30. Leminen A Tumor markers CA 125, carcinoembryonic antigen and tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor in patients with cervical adenocarcinoma. Gynecol. Oncol. 1990, 39, 358–363.
  31. Duk JM, Aalders JG, Fleuren GJ, Krans M, De Bruijn HW Tumor markers CA 125, squamous cell carcinoma antigen, and carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. Obstet. Gynecol. 1989, 73, 661–668.
  32. Borras G, Molina R, Xercavins J, Ballesta A, Iglesias J Tumor antigens CA 19.9, CA 125, and CEA in carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Gynecol Oncol. 1995, 57, 205–211.
  33. Sawada M, Okudaira Y, Matsui Y, Shimizu Y Immunosuppressive acidic protein in patients with gynecologic cancer. Cancer 1984, 54, 652–656.
  34. Battaglia F, Scambia G, Panici PB, Castelli M, Ferrandina G, Foti E, Amoroso M, D’Andrea G, Mancuso S Immunosuppressive acidic protein (IAP) and squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC) in patients with cervical cancer. Gynecol. Oncol. 1994, 53, 176–182.
  35. Suzuki M, Ohwada M, Sato I, Nagatomo M Serum level of macrophage colony-stimulating factor as a marker for gynecologic malignancies. Oncology 1995, 52, 128–133.
  36. Konno R, Takano T, Sato S, Yajima A Serum soluble Fas level as a prognostic factor in patients with gynecological malignancies. Clin. Cancer Res. 2000, 6, 3576–3580.
  37. Mathur SP, Mathur RS, Gray EA, Lane D, Underwood PG, Kohler M, Creasman WT Serum vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) as a specifi c biomarker for advanced cervical cancer: Relationship to insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II), IGF binding protein 3 (IGF-BP3) and VEGF-A. Gynecol. Oncol. 2005, 98, 467–483.
  38. Lebrecht A, Ludwig E, Huber A, Klein M, Schneeberger C, Tempfer C, Koelbl H, Hefl er L Serum vascular endothelial growth factor and serum leptin in patients with cervical cancer. Gynecol. Oncol. 2002, 85, 32–35.
  39. Fujiwaki R, Hata K, Moriyama M, Iwanari O, Katabuchi H, Okamura H, Miyazaki K Clinical value of thymidine kinase in patients with cervical carcinoma. Oncology 2001, 61, 47–54.
  40. Takeshima N, Shimizu Y, Umezawa S, Hirai Y, Chen JT, Fujimoto I, Yamauchi K, Hasumi K Combined assay of serum levels of CA125 and CA19-9 in endometrial carcinoma. Gynecol. Oncol. 1994, 54, 321–326.
  41. Panici PB, Scambia G, Baiocchi G, Perrone L, Greggi S, Battaglia F, Mancuso S Multiple serum markers in patients with endometrial cancer. Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. 1989, 27, 208–212.
  42. Scambia G, Gadducci A, Panici PB, Foti E, Ferdeghini M, Ferrandina G, Amoroso M, Castellani C, Facchini V, Mancuso S Combined use of CA 125 and CA 15-3 in patients with endometrial carcinoma. Gynecol. Oncol. 1994, 54, 292–297.
  43. Hakala A, Kacinski BM, Stanley ER, Kohorn EI, Puistola U, Risteli J, Risteli L, Tomás C, Kauppila A Macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1, a clinically useful tumor marker in endometrial adenocarcinoma: comparison with CA 125 and the aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1995, 173, 112–119. Cancers 2010, 2 1324.
  44. Peters-Engl C, Buxbaum P, Ogris E, Sevelda P, Medl M TATI (tumor associated trypsin inhibitor) and cancer antigen 125 (CA 125) in patients with early-stage endometrial cancer. Anticancer Res. 1998, 18, 4635–4639.
  45. Cherchi PL, Dessole S, Ruiu GA, Ambrosini G, Farina M, Capobianco G, Ambrosini A The value of serum CA 125 and association CA 125/CA 19-9 in endometrial carcinoma. Eur. J. Gynaecol. Oncol. 1999, 20, 315–317.
  46. Ginath S, Menczer J, Fintsi Y, Ben-Shem E, Glezerman M, Avinoach I Tissue and serum CA125 expression in endometrial cancer. Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer 2002, 12, 372–375.
  47. Sood AK, Buller RE, Burger RA, Dawson JD, Sorosky JI, Berman M Value of preoperative CA 125 level in the management of uterine cancer and prediction of clinical outcome. Obstet. Gynecol. 1997, 90, 441–447.
  48. Hsieh CH, ChangChien CC, Lin H, Huang EY, Huang CC, Lan KC, Chang SY Can a preoperative CA 125 level be a criterion for full pelvic lymphadenectomy in surgical staging of endometrial cancer? Gynecol. Oncol. 2002, 86, 28–33.
  49. Gadducci A, Cosio S, Carpi A, Nicolini A, Genazzani AR Serum tumor markers in the management of ovarian, endometrial and cervical cancer. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2004, 58, 24–38.
  50. Carpenter PM, Gamboa GP, Dorion GE, Ramsinghani NS, Aïssi AM, Manetta A Radiation-induced CA 125 production by mesothelial cells. Gynecol. Oncol. 1996, 63, 328–332.
  51. Hareyama H, Sakuragi N, Makinoda S, Fujimoto S Serum and tissue measurements of CA72-4 in patients with endometrial carcinoma. J. Clin. Pathol. 1996, 49, 967–970.
  52. Gadducci A, Ferdeghini M, Prontera C, Giordano P, Cristofani R, Bianchi R, Fioretti P A comparison of pretreatment serum levels of four tumor markers in patients with endometrial and cervical carcinoma. Eur. J. Gynaecol. Oncol. 1990, 11, 283–288.
  53. Lo SS, Cheng DK, Ng TY, Wong LC, Ngan HY Prognostic signifi cance of tumour markers in endometrial cancer. Tumour Biol. 1997, 18, 241–249.
  54. Moore RG, Brown AK, Miller MC, Badgwell D, Lu Z, Allard WJ, Granai CO, Bast RC, Jr Lu K Utility of a novel serum tumor biomarker HE4 in patients with endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the uterus. Gynecol. Oncol. 2008, 110, 196–201.
  55. Cocco E, Bellone S, El-Sahwi K, Cargnelutti M, Buza N, Tavassoli FA, Schwartz PE, Rutherford TJ, Pecorelli S, Santin AD Serum amyloid A: a novel biomarker for endometrial cancer. Cancer 2010, 116, 843–851.
  56. Chan DC, Chen CJ, Chu HC, Chang WK, Yu JC, Chen YJ, Wen LL, Huang SC, Ku CH, Liu YC, Chen JH Evaluation of serum amyloid A as a biomarker for gastric cancer. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2007, 14, 84–93.
  57. Yokoi K, Shih LC, Kobayashi R, Koomen J, Hawke D, Li D, Hamilton SR, Abbruzzese JL, Coombes KR, Fidler IJ Serum amyloid A as a tumor marker in sera of nude mice with orthotopic human pancreatic cancer and in plasma of patients with pancreatic cancer. Int. J. Oncol. 2005, 27, 1361–1369.
  58. Cho WC, Yip TT, Yip C, Yip V, Thulasiraman V, Ngan RK,Yip TT, Lau WH, Au JS, Law SC, Cheng WW, Ma VW, Lim CK Identifi cation of serum amyloid a protein as a Cancers 2010, 2 1325 potentially useful biomarker to monitor relapse of nasopharyngeal cancer by serum proteomic profi ling. Clin. Cancer Res. 2004, 10, 43–52.
  59. Khan N, Cromer CJ, Campa M, Patz EF Jr. Clinical utility of serum amyloid A and macrophage migration inhibitory factor as serum biomarkers for the detection of nonsmall cell lung carcinoma. Cancer 2004, 101, 379–384.
  60. Cocco E, Bellone S, El-Sahwi K, Cargnelutti M, Casagrande F, Buza N, Tavassoli FA, Siegel ER, Visintin I, Ratner E, Silasi DA, Azodi M, Schwartz PE, Rutherford TJ, Pecorelli S, Santin AD Serum amyloid A (SAA): a novel biomarker for uterine serous papillary cancer. Br. J. Cancer 2009, 101, 335–341.
  61. Farias-Eisner G, Su F, Robbins T, Kotlerman J, Reddy S, Farias-Eisner R Validation of serum biomarkers for detection of early- and late-stage endometrial cancer. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2010, 202, 73.e1–e5.
  62. Takano M, Kikuchi Y, Asakawa T, Goto T, Kita T, Kudoh K, Kigawa J, Sakuragi N, Sakamoto M, Sugiyama T, Yaegashi N, Tsuda H, Seto H, Shiwa M Identifi cation of potential serum markers for endometrial cancer using protein expression profi ling. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 2010, 136, 475–481.
  63. Zhu LR, Zhang WY, Yu L, Zheng YH, Zhang JZ, Liao QP Serum proteomic features for detection of endometrial cancer. Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer 2006, 16, 1374–1378.
  64. Clarke-Pearson DL Clinical practice. Screening for ovarian cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2009, 361, 170–177.
  65. Lerner JP, Timor-Tritsch IE, Federman A, Abramovich G Transvaginal ultrasonographic characterization of ovarian masses with an improved, weighted scoring system. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1994, 170, 81–85.
  66. Kupesic S, Plavsic BM Early ovarian cancer: 3-D power Doppler. Abdom. Imaging. 2006, 31, 613–619.
  67. Jacobs I, Bast RC Jr. The CA 125 tumour-associated antigen: a review of the literature. Hum. Reprod. 1989, 4, 1–12.
  68. Nossov V, Amneus M, Su F, Lang J, Janco JM, Reddy ST, Farias-Eisner R The early detection of ovarian cancer: from traditional methods to proteomics. Can we really do better than serum CA-125? Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2008, 199, 215–223.
  69. Kudoh K, Kikuchi Y, Kita T, Tode T, Takano M, Hirata J, Mano Y, Yamamoto K, Nagata I Preoperative determination of several serum tumor markers in patients with primary epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. 1999, 47, 52–57.
  70. Negishi Y, Furukawa T, Oka T, Sakamoto M, Hirata T, Okabe K, Matayoshi K, Akiya K, Soma H Clinical use of CA 125 and its combination assay with other tumor marker in patients with ovarian carcinoma. Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. 1987, 23, 200–207.
  71. Gadducci A, Ferdeghini M, Prontera C, Moretti L, Mariani G, Bianchi R, Fioretti P The concomitant determination of diff erent tumor markers in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer and benign ovarian masses: relevance for diff erential diagnosis. Gynecol. Oncol. 1992, 44, 147–154.
  72. Koelma IA, Nap M, Rodenburg CJ, Fleuren GJ The value of tumour marker CA 125 in surgical pathology. Histopathology 1987, 11, 287–294. Cancers 2010, 2 1326.
  73. Yedema C, Massuger L, Hilgers J, Servaas J, Poels L, Thomas C, Kenemans P. Pre-operative discrimination between benign and malignant ovarian tumors using a combination of CA125 and CA15.3 serum assays. Int. J. Cancer 1988, 3, 61–67.
  74. Fioretti P, Gadducci A, Ferdeghini M, Prontera C, Malagnino G, Facchini V, Mariani G, Bianchi R The concomitant determination of diff erent serum tumor markers in epithelial ovarian cancer: relevance for monitoring the response to chemotherapy and follow-up of patients. Gynecol. Oncol. 1992, 44, 155–160.
  75. Negishi Y, Iwabuchi H, Sakunaga H, Sakamoto M, Okabe K, Sato H, Asano G Serum and tissue measurements of CA72-4 in ovarian cancer patients. Gynecol. Oncol. 1993, 48, 148–154.
  76. Sawada M, Okudaira Y, Matsui Y, Shimizu Y Immunosuppressive acidic protein in patients with ovarian cancer. Cancer 1983, 52, 2081–2085.
  77. Castelli M, Romano P, Atlante G, Pozzi M, Ferrini U Immunosuppressive acidic protein (IAP) and CA 125 assays in detection of human ovarian cancer: preliminary results. Int. J. Biol. Markers 1987, 2, 187–190.
  78. Castelli M, Battaglia F, Scambia G, Panici PB, Ferrandina G, Mileo AM, Mancuso S, Ferrini U Immunosuppressive acidic protein and CA 125 levels in patients with ovarian cancer. Oncology 1991, 48, 13–17.
  79. Li J, Dowdy S, Tipton T, Podratz K, Lu WG, Xie X, Jiang SW HE4 as a biomarker for ovarian and endometrial cancer management. Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 2009, 9, 555–566.
  80. Urban N Specifi c keynote: Ovarian cancer risk assessment and the potential for early detection. Gynecol. Oncol. 2003, 88, S75–S79.
  81. Xu Y, Shen Z, Wiper DW, Wu M, Morton RE, Elson P, Kennedy AW, Belinson J, Markman M, Casey G Lysophosphatidic acid as a potential biomarker for ovarian and other gynecologic cancers. JAMA 1998, 280, 719–723.
  82. Zhang Z, Bast RC, Jr, Yu Y, Li J, Sokoll LJ, Rai AJ, Rosenzweig JM, Cameron B, Wang YY, Meng XY, Berchuck A, Van Haaften- Day C, Hacker NF de Bruijn HW, van der Zee AG, Jacobs IJ, Fung
  83. ET, Chan DW Three biomarkers identifi ed from serum proteomic analysis for the detection of early stage ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 2004, 64, 5882–5890.
  84. Su F, Lang J, Kumar A, Ng C, Hsieh B, Suchard MA, Reddy ST, Farias-Eisner R Validation of candidate serum ovarian cancer biomarkers for early detection. Biomark Insights 2007, 2, 369–375.
  85. Nosov V, Su F, Amneus M, Birrer M, Robins T,Kotlerman J, Reddy S, Farias-Eisner R Validation of serum biomarkers for detection of early-stage ovarian cancer. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2009, 200, 639.e1–e5.
  86. Visintin I, Feng Z, Longton G, Ward DC, Alvero AB, Lai Y, Tenthorey J, Leiser A, Flores-Saaib R, Yu H, Azori M, Rutherford T, Schwartz PE, Mor G Diagnostic markers for early detection of ovarian cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 2008, 14, 1065–1072. Cancers 2010, 2 1327
  87. Anderson GL, McIntosh M, Wu L, Barnett M, Goodman G, Thorpe JD, Bergan L, Thornquist MD, Scholler N, Kim N, O’Briant K, Drescher C, Urban N Assessing lead time of selected ovarian cancer biomarkers: a nested case-control study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2010, 102, 26–38.

Downloads

Published

2013-11-12

How to Cite

Ueda, Y., Enomoto, T., Kimura, T., Miyatake, T., Yoshino, K., Fujita, M., & Kimura, T. (2013). Serum biomarkers for early detection of gynecologic cancers. REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY, (14), 73–80. https://doi.org/10.18370/2309-4117.2013.14.73-80

Issue

No. 14 (2013)

Section

Laboratory diagnosis

License

Copyright (c) 2014 Yutaka Ueda, Takayuki Enomoto, Toshihiro Kimura, Takashi Miyatake, Kiyoshi Yoshino, Masami Fujita, Tadashi Kimura

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

    1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.

    1. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.