Causal Analysis of Religious Violence, a Structural Equation Modeling Approach

M Munajat
State Institute of Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga, Indonesia

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2015.532.413-437

Abstract


The present study tries to investigate the causal model of religious violence using SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) approach. Previous quantitative research in social movements and political violence suggests that there are, at least, three factors, that caused violent collective actions, including religious violence: 1) the more fundamentalist people are, the more likely they justify violence, 2) people with lower trust in government is more likely to justify violence, and 3) opposing the second argument: only people with low trust in government and high political efficacy are more likely to justify violence. Based on the data of 343 respondents, the activists of Front Pembela Islam, Muhammadiyah and Nahdlatul Ulama, this study confirms that the more fundamentalist people are, the more likely they are to justify violence regardless of their organizational affiliations. On the contrary, this study does not support the argument for the relationship between trust in government and violence. Similarly, the relationship between violence and the latent interaction of trust and political efficacy is not supported by the data. Therefore, this study suggests that fundamentalism, a type of religiosity, is a salient factor to explain religious violence.

[Penelitian ini berusaha mengkaji sebab kekerasan keagamaan dengan menggunakan pendekatan Model Persamaan Struktur (SEM). Penelitian kuantitatif terdahulu dalam bidang gerakan sosial dan kekerasan politik menunjukkan bahwa setidaknya ada tiga faktor yang diduga kuat menjadi penyebab kekerasan kolektif, seperti kekerasan agama, yaitu: 1) semakin fundamentalis seseorang, maka ia akan semakin cenderung menyetujui pernggunaan cara kekerasan, 2) semakin rendah kepercayaan seseorang terhadap pemerintah, maka ia akan semakin menyetujui penggunaan kekerasan, 3) berbeda dengan pendapat ke-dua, hanya orang yang rendah kepercayaanya kepada pemerintah, namun mempunyai semangat politik tinggi, yang akan menyetujui penggunaan cara-cara kekerasan. Berdasarkan pada data yang diambil dari 343 responden dari para aktivis, Front Pembela Islam, Muhammadiyah dan Nahdlatul Ulama, penelitian ini mengkonfirmasi bahwa semakin fundamentalis seseorang, maka ia akan semakin cenderung menyetujui kekerasan, terlepas dari afiliasi organisasi mereka. Namun demikian, penelitian ini tidak mendukung hubungan antara kepercayaan terhadap pemerintah dan kekerasan. Demikian juga, hubungan antara kekerasan dan interaksi antara kepercayaan pemerintah dan semangat politik tidak dapat dibuktikan dari data dalam penelitian ini. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa fundamentalisme, sebagai salah satu bentuk keagamaan, merupakan faktor yang sangat penting dalam menjelaskan kekerasan keagamaan.]


Keywords


fundamentalism; trust in government; political efficacy; religious violence; Structural Equation Modeling

Full Text:

PDF

References


Almeida, Paul, Waves of Protest: Popular Struggle in El Salvador, 1925–2005, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008.

Almond, Gabriel A., R. Scott Appleby, and Emmanuel Sivan, Strong Religion: The Rise of Fundamentalism Around The World, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.

Altemeyer, Bob and Bruce Hunsberger, “Authoritarianism, Religious Fundamentalism, Quest, and Prejudice”, The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, vol. 2, no. 2, 1992, pp. 113–33 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr0202_5].

----, “Research: A Revised Religious Fundamentalism Scale: The Short and Sweet of It”, The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, vol. 14, no. 1, 2004, pp. 47–54 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr1401_4].

Apter, David E., “Political Violence in Analytical Perspective”, in The Legitimization of Violence, ed. by David E. Apter, Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1997, pp. 1–32.

Conteh-Morgan, Earl, Collective Political Violence: An Introduction to the Theories and Cases of Violent Conflicts, New York: Routledge, 2004.

Craig, Stephen C., Richard G. Niemi, and Glenn E. Silver, “Political Efficacy and Trust: A Report on the NES Pilot Study Items”, Political Behavior, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 289–314 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00992337].

Ekkart, Zimmermann, Political Violence, Crises, and Revolutions: Theories and Research, vol. 79, Boston, Mass: G. K. Hall, 1985.

Frey, Rebecca Joyce, Fundamentalism, New York: Facts On File, 2007.

Gamson, William A., Power and Discontent, Homewood: Dorsey Press, 1968.

Herbert W. Marsh, Zhonglin Wen, and Kit-Tai Hau, “‘Structural Equation Models of Latent Interaction and Quadratic Effects’”, in Structural Equation Modeling: A Second Course, ed. by Gregory R. Hancock and Ralph O. Mueller, IAP, 2006.

Jahroni, Jajang, Defending the Majesty of Islam: Indonesia’s Front Pembela Islam, 1998-2003, Chiang May, Thailand: Silkworm Books, 2008.

Juergensmeyer, Mark, Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.

Klein, Andreas and Helfried Moosbrugger, “Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Latent Interaction Effects with the LMS Method”, Psychometrika, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 457–74 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02296338].

Kline, Rex B., Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, New York: Guilford Press, 2005.

Kornhauser, William, The Politics of Mass Society, Glencoe: Free Press, 1959.

Marty, Martin E. and R. Scott Appleby, “Introduction: A Sacred Cosmos, Scandalous Code, Defiant Society”, in Fundamentalisms and Society: Reclaiming the Sciences, the Family, and Education, ed. by Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.

McAdam, Doug, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930-1970, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.

Miller, Arthur H., “Political Issues and Trust in Government: 1964–1970*”, American Political Science Review, vol. 68, no. 3, 1974, pp. 951–72 [http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1959140].

Moaddel, Mansoor and Stuart A. Karabenick, “Religious Fundamentalism Among Young Muslims in Egypt and Saudi Arabia”, Social Forces, vol. 86, no. 4, 2008, pp. 1675–710 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sof.0.0059].

Muthén, Linda K. and Bengt O. Muthén, Mplus Statistical Analysis with Latent Variables: User’s Guide, Los Angeles: Muthén & Muthén, 2010.

Ng, Al-Zastrouw, Gerakan Islam Simbolik: Politik Kepentingan FPI, Yogyakarta: LKiS, 2006.

Numrich, Paul D., “Fundamentalisms and American Pluralism”, Journal of Ecumenical Studies, vol. 42, no. 1, 2007, p. 9.

Paige, Jeffery M., “Political Orientation and Riot Participation”, American Sociological Review, vol. 36, no. 5, 1971, pp. 810–20 [http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2093668].

Porta, Donatella Della, “Research on Social Movements and Political Violence”, Qualitative Sociology, vol. 31, no. 3, 2008, pp. 221–30 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11133-008-9109-x].

Ransford, H. Edward, “Isolation, Powerlessness, and Violence: A Study of Attitudes and Participation in the Watts Riot”, American Journal of Sociology, vol. 73, no. 5, 1968, pp. 581–91 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/224532].

Rothschild, Zachary K., Abdolhossein Abdollahi, and Tom Pyszczynski, “Does Peace Have a Prayer? The Effect of Mortality Salience, Compassionate Values, and Religious Fundamentalism on Hostility toward Out-groups”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 45, no. 4, 2009, pp. 816–27 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.05.016].

Samuel B. Green and Marilyn S. Thomson, “Evaluating Between-Group Differences in Latent Variable Means”, in Structural Equation Modeling: A Second Course, ed. by Gregory R. Hancock and Ralph O. Mueller, Connecticut: Information Age Publishing, 2006.

Shortell, Timothy, “Radicalization of Religious Discourse in El Salvador: The Case of Oscar A. Romero”, Sociology of Religion, vol. 62, no. 1, 2001, pp. 87–103 [http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3712232].

Steinhoff, Patricia and Gilda Zwerman, “Introduction to the Special Issue on Political Violence”, Qualitative Sociology, vol. 31, no. 3, 2008, pp. 213–20 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11133-008-9111-3].

Tilly, Charles, The Politics of Collective Violence, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Torney-Purta, Judith and Wendy Klandl Richardson, “Trust in Government and Civic Engagement Among Adolescents in Australia, England, Greece, Norway, and the United States.”, Conference Papers American Political Science Association Annual Meeting (2002), Boston, MA: 2001, 2002.

Wiktorowicz, Quintan, “Introduction: Islamic Activism, a Social Movement Theory”, in Islamic Activism, a Social Movement Theory Approach, ed. by Quintan Wiktorowicz, Bloomington Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2004.






Copyright (c) 2015 M Munajat

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.