Extending research on the influence of grammatical gender on object classification: A cross-linguistic study comparing Estonian, Italian and Lithuanian native speakers

Luca Vernich, Reili Argus, Laura Kamandulytė-Merfeldienė

Abstract


Using different experimental tasks, researchers have pointed to a possible correlation between grammatical gender and classification behaviour. Such effects, however, have been found comparing speakers of a relatively small set of languages. Therefore, it’s not clear whether evidence gathered can be generalized and extended to languages that are typologically different from those studied so far. To the best of our knowledge, Baltic and Finno-Ugric languages have never been examined in this respect. While most previous studies have used English as an example of gender-free languages, we chose Estonian because – contrary to English and like all Finno-Ugric languages – it does not use gendered pronouns (‘he’ vs. ‘she’) and is therefore more suitable as a baseline. We chose Lithuanian because the gender system of Baltic languages is interestingly different from the system of Romance and German languages tested so far. Taken together, our results support and extend previous findings and suggest that they are not restricted to a small group of languages. 

"Grammatiline sugu objektide kategoriseerimise mõjutajana: eesti, itaalia ja leedu keele võrdlev uurimus"

Eri tüüpi eksperimente kasutades on uurijad osutanud grammatilise soo ja objektide klassifitseerimise võimalikele seostele. Senised tulemused on saadud siiski suhteliselt väheste keelte andmete võrdlemisel. Seetõttu ei ole teada, kas need järeldused on üldistatavad ka nendele keeltele, mille struktuur erineb siiani uuritud keeltest.

Probleemi uurimiseks laiendasime vaadeldavate keelte hulka ja tegime grammatilise soo ja objektide kategoriseerimise seoste katse läbi balti ja soome-ugri keelte hulka kuuvate keeltega, mida ei ole kõnealusest vaatenurgast uuritud. Enamik seniseid uuringuid on seadnud nn lähtepunktiks ehk grammatilise soota keeleks inglise keele. Siinses uuringus valisime aga selliseks lähtepunktiks hoopis eesti keele, kus erinevalt inglise keelest ei ole ka isikulistel asesõnadel sootunnuseid ja mis on seetõttu grammatilise soota keelte ekstreemsem esindaja.

Teiseks uuritavaks keeleks valitud leedu keeles on grammatilise soo süsteem võrreldes seni uuritud romaani ja germaani keeltega paljuski eripärane. Ühe sellise eripärana olgu mainitud asjaolu, et leedu keeles ei ole artikleid. Kolmas uuritud keel on itaalia, kus grammatiline sugu realiseerub indo-euroopa keeltele üsna tavapärasel moel.

Saadud tulemused kinnitavad seost emakeele grammatilise soo ja objektide kategoriseerimise vahel. Eesti, itaalia ja leedu keele kõnelejate vastuste võrdlus näitas, et senised tulemused on üldistatavad ka tüpoloogiliselt erinevate keeltele. Kokkuvõtlikult võib väita, et kõneldav keel ja keelespetsiifiline kognitiivne käitumine on seotud. Veelgi enam, tulemustest selgus, et kõneldava keele grammatiline sugu kaalub üle ja vahel isegi jätab täiesti tähelepanuta ilmselt universaalse kontseptuaalse kalduvuse tajuda artefakte kui pigem meessoost ja looduslikke objekte pigem kui naissoost objekte. 


Keywords


grammatical gender, categorization, object classification, language & cognition, linguistic relativity, Estonian, Lithuanian, Italian

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5128/ERYa13.14

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Copyright (c) 2017 Luca Vernich, Reili Argus, Laura Kamandulytė-Merfeldienė

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ISSN 1736-2563 (print)
ISSN 2228-0677 (online)
DOI 10.5128/ERYa.1736-2563