Korelasi Kadar Serum Vitamin D terhadap Derajat Keparahan Penyakit Infeksi Covid-19: Sebuah Literatur Review

Devyani D. Wulansari; Indi R. Tsani; Rahmad A. Prasetya

doi:10.15416/ijcp.2022.11.2.174

Korelasi Kadar Serum Vitamin D terhadap Derajat Keparahan Penyakit Infeksi Covid-19: Sebuah Literatur Review

Devyani D. Wulansari, Indi R. Tsani, Rahmad A. Prasetya

Abstract

Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, penyakit infeksi yang disebabkan oleh virus menjadi salah satu masalah terbesar bagi kesehatan global, termasuk infeksi coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). Covid-19 merupakan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Paparan virus SARS-CoV-2 pada tubuh akan menimbulkan respon dari sistem imun dan akan berdampak pada reaksi inflamasi yang dapat merusak jaringan. Hiperinflamasi (cytokine storm) pada infeksi Covid-19 dapat menyebabkan risiko keparahan infeksi yang dapat berujung pada kematian. Salah satu cara untuk menurunkan risiko ini yakni dengan memberikan vitamin D sebagai imunomodulator. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran tentang efek imunomodulator yang dimiliki vitamin D dalam menanggulangi infeksi Covid-19. Literatur review ini dilakukan dengan pencarian literatur melalui beberapa basis data seperti PUBMED dan Science Direct dengan kata kunci “Covid-19”, “immunomodulator”, dan “vitamin D”. Dari 9 artikel yang didapatkan setelah melalui tahapan skrining, 5 artikel merupakan studi retrospektif atau observasional untuk melihat hubungan antara kadar serum vitamin D dan tingkat keparahan pasien dengan infeksi Covid-19, sedangkan 5 artikel lainnya merupakan uji klinis untuk melihat efek suplementasi vitamin D pada pasien Covid-19. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi serum vitamin D yang tinggi berhubungan dengan rendahnya konsentrasi sitokin pro-inflamasi sehingga dapat mengurangi kejadian infeksi saluran pernapasan akut dan keparahan penyakit akibat infeksi virus Covid-19. Selain itu, vitamin D, khususnya vitamin D₃ berpotensi sebagai imunomodulator pada infeksi virus Covid-19 dengan menurunkan sitokin pro-inflamasi sehingga menurunkan risiko keparahan infeksi.

Kata kunci: Covid-19, imunomodulator, SARS CoV-2, vitamin D

Correlation between Serum Level of Vitamin D and Covid-19 Infection Severity: A Literature Review

Abstract

In recent years, infectious diseases caused by viruses have become one of the biggest global health problems, including coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) infection. Covid-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which can induce immune responses and inflammatory reactions, thereby leading to the damage of tissues. Hyperinflammation due to cytokine storm in infected patients increases the risk of severe infection and death. Vitamin D can also reduce the severity of infections because it acts as an immunomodulator. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the immunomodulatory effect of vitamin D on Covid-19 infections. A total of nine articles were collected using literature searching on several databases, such as PUBMED and Science Direct with the keywords of “Covid-19”, “immunomodulator”, and “vitamin D”. Five of them were observational or retrospective studies, which determined the correlation between serum concentration of vitamin D and Covid-19 infection severity. Meanwhile, another four articles were random clinical trials testing the effect of the drugs’s supplementation on infected people. The results showed that high levels of serum vitamin D can cause low concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which reduces the incidence of acute respiratory infections and the severity of the viral infection. Furthermore, vitamin D, specifically D3, has the potential to act as an immunomodulator in Covid-19 by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby reducing the risk of severity.

Keywords: Covid-19, immunomodulator, SARS CoV-2, vitamin D

Keywords

Covid-19; immunomodulator; SARS CoV-2; vitamin D

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