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Monitoring and diagnosis of historical masonry buildings and future perspective = Monitoreo y diagnóstico de edificios históricos de mampostería y perspectiva futura
DOI: https://doi.org/10.20868/bma.2020.1.4666
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Abstract
Historical buildings still existing in different parts of the world were constructed with unreinforced masonry and have an acceptable capacity to transmit vertical loading, but they are very vulnerable against horizontal loading induced by earthquakes. In order to protect these buildings belonging to the patrimony of the humanity from this hazard, we need to understand the construction materials, structural elements and loading transmission mechanism. Moreover, to rehabilitate or retrofit them, it is necessary to develop an understanding process of the structure though monitoring and in-situ/laboratory experimental tests to stablish a diagnosis. The structural monitoring campaigns are helpful to investigate the mechanical and dynamic properties of the building. The use of installed thermal cameras and micro-sensors at strategic parts of the historical buildings represent a very interesting and non-destructive option to measure different parameters constantly and for long periods of time. The present paper aims at briefly describing the different involved processes in the monitoring and structural diagnosis of historical buildings which is fundamental in order to preserve them against the effects of earthquakes by means of rehabilitation works and strengthening. Moreover, it is presented a future perspective about non-destructive and non-invasive experimental tests and diagnosis with the use of new technologies.
Resumen
Los edificios históricos que aún existen en diferentes partes del mundo fueron construidos con mampostería no reforzada y tienen capacidad aceptable para transmitir cargas verticales, pero son muy vulnerables ante cargas laterales inducidas por sismos. Para proteger de esta amenaza a estas edificaciones que forman parte del patrimonio de la humanidad, debemos de entender los materiales constructivos, elementos estructurales y su mecanismo de transmisión de cargas. Para decidir entre rehabilitar o reforzar, se debe de realizar un proceso de entendimiento de la estructura a través de un monitoreo y pruebas experimentales en sitio y en laboratorio que permitan generar un diagnóstico. Los monitoreos estructurales sirven para investigar sus propiedades mecánicas y dinámicas. El uso de cámaras térmicas y micro-sensores en puntos estratégicos de los edificios históricos representan una opción muy interesante y no destructiva para medir diferentes parámetros de forma constante y por largos periodos de tiempo. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo describir de forma puntual los diferentes procesos involucrados en el monitoreo y diagnóstico estructural de edificios históricos que resulta fundamental para poder conservarlos ante los efectos de los sismos por medio de trabajos de rehabilitación y refuerzo. Además, se presenta una perspectiva futura sobre pruebas experimentales y diagnósticos no destructivos ni invasivos con el uso de nuevas tecnologías.
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